
Caterpillar has acquired Monarch Tractor's assets after the electric tractor startup struggled with manufacturing, autonomous technology reliability, and a strategic shift to software services. The company faced multiple dealer lawsuits, lost its manufacturing partner Foxconn, and underwent significant layoffs. Co-founder Carlo Mondavi departed over disagreements with CEO Praveen Penmetsa's software-focused approach. Monarch raised over $200 million since 2018.