
Ancient trade routes like the Silk Road and Tea Horse Road connected East and West, facilitating exchange of goods, ideas, and religions. The Silk Road, established under China's Han dynasty in the second century BCE, linked Chang'an to Rome through Central Asian cities. It peaked during the Mongolian Empire but declined in the fifteenth century with rise of sea routes. The Tea Horse Road connected southwest China through Tibet to the Indian subcontinent, operating since Tang dynasty times.